Friday, April 21, 2017

How your bad breath, low sex drive and headaches could be a sign of a vitamin deficiency (and what to eat to combat them)

Other issues which could point to a poor diet include thinning hair, white spots on your nails and dandruff
Here, MailOnline Health reveals exactly what to eat for each sign of a deficiency to try and cure the problem
The latest findings come off the back of a survey of 2,000 British adults by supplement company Healthspan

Many of us suffer from bad breath, cracked lips and agonising headaches. But they could all be a sign of something much more sinister.

These are just three of the common signs of vitamin or mineral deficiencies, experts have warned on the back of a new poll of 2,000 adults.

Other issues which could point to an insufficient diet include thinning hair, a lower libido, white spots on your nails, dandruff, stress and even dry skin.

The findings, commissioned by Healthspan, showed six in ten adults are clueless about signs that could show they are suffering from a deficiency.

But according to Rob Hobson, a London-based nutritionist, adding more spring greens, red meat and nuts to your diet could help combat any distressing symptoms.

Here, MailOnline Health reveals the common signs of any potential deficiencies, and the foods you could eat to help you overcome them.

A range of common symptoms many adults suffer from could be explained by poor diets and a lack of minerals and vitamins. Here, MailOnline Health reveals how to combat bad breath, headaches and even stress

CRACKED LIPS

What it could be a sign of: Iron or vitamin C deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Red meat, red peppers, kale and tofu

DANDRUFF

What it could be a sign of: Biotin, vitamin B7 or essential fatty acids deficiencies

Foods that may help overcome it: Fresh salmon, almonds, peanut butter and sunflower seeds

THINNING HAIR

What it could be a sign of: Iron and vitamin C deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Lemons, kiwi fruit, strawberries and red kidney beans

PSORIASIS

What it could be a sign of: Vitamin D, vitamin B, zinc or essential fatty acid deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Eggs, prawns, fresh tuna, mushrooms

DRY SKIN

What it could be a sign of: Omega-6 essential fatty acid deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Sunflower seeds, pine nuts, sesame seeds and turkey mince

ACNE

What it could be a sign of: Zinc deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Crab, spinach, cashew nuts and cocoa powder

WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF YOUR DEFICIENCY?

Vitamin B6: This vitamin is known to help control levels of an amino acid in the blood that is linked to heart disease. Therefore, people who do not get enough B6 in their diet are believed to have a higher risk of heart disease. However, a lack of this vitamin is considered rare in the Western world.

How much do you need? Adults under the age of 50 are required to get 1.3mg in their diet each day - the same as three pork chops.

Vitamin B12: Symptoms usually develop gradually but can worsen if the condition goes untreated. It can lead to heart palpitations, bouts of diarrhoea and even vision loss, according to research. Getting enough B12, which comes from milk and eggs, is a specific concern in the vegan diet.

How much do you need? Adults need 2.4mcg of vitamin B12 each day. This is the equivalent of slightly more than two eggs.

Vitamin C: According to the NHS, the symptoms of scurvy usually begin three months after a person stops getting enough vitamin C in their diet. Left untreated, scurvy can cause potentially fatal heart problems. This is rare in Britain, but smokers are known to be at a higher risk.

How much do you need? Adults should aim to consume 40 mg per day - the same amount as slightly less than one whole orange.

Vitamin D: This regulates the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body, both needed for healthy bones, teeth and muscles. But research is showing it has many other health effects – and may protect against a number of diseases. Official figures show 23 per cent of adults are deficient in Britain.

How much do you need? Children over the age of one and adults need 10mg daily - a similar amount to that found in one whole salmon fillet.

Zinc: A zinc deficiency can weaken the immune system and slow wound healing, Boots says. It may also cause tiredness. It is also more common in older people, those living in care homes, and in those who take drugs to lower blood pressure. However, having too much zinc could have be damaging.

How much do you need? Everyone over the age of 14 should try to consume 11mg of zinc each day - which can be found in two raw oysters.

Iron: This is believed to be the most common deficiency in the US. It can lead to anaemia - a condition where a lack of iron in the body leads to a reduction in the number of red blood cells. If left untreated can lead to heart failure, the NHS claims.

How much do you need? Adults are advised to consume 10mg of iron - but pregnant women should get more. This amount could be found in a 300g steak, 100g of spinach and around four slices of white bread.

Magnesium: This little-heard-of deficiency is surprisingly common among women - one survey found one in ten suffers from it, but some experts cite figures as high as seven in ten - and the effects can be devastating. Left untreated, it can lead to seizures.

How much do you need? Adults are recommended to consume around 400mg of magnesium daily. This can be found in 100g of dark chocolate, one avocado and slightly more than an ounce of almonds.

Calcium: The body uses this mineral to help build strong bones and teeth. As a result of a deficiency, humans are prone to developing diseases like osteoporosis - giving them fragile bones. It is estimated that three quarters of adults in the US lack enough calcium in their diet.

How much do you need? The World Health Organization recommends adults get 500mg daily - this can be found in around one cup of milk and two ounces of sardines.

GREASY SKIN AROUND THE NOSE

What it could be a sign of: Vitamin B2 or zinc deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Feta cheese, almonds, mackerel and asparagus

WHITE SPOTS ON NAILS

What it could be a sign of: Zinc or iron deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Lean pork, mushrooms, chickpeas and dried apricots

BRITTLE NAILS

What it could be a sign of: Iron deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Flaxseed, chicken liver, pistachio nuts, lentils

ULCERS/SORE TONGUE

What it could be a sign of: Vitamin B12, B3, iron or folic acid deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Black beans, pak choi, avocado and trout

BAD BREATH

What it could be a sign of: Iron deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Raisins, peas, fortified breakfast cereals, adzuki beans

According to Rob Hobson, a London-based nutritionist, adding more spring greens, red meat and nuts to your diet could help combat any distressing symptoms

HEADACHES

What it could be a sign of: Magnesium, vitamin B12 or B6 deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Pumpkin seeds, prunes, banana, fortified soy milk

NO TASTE

What it could be a sign of: Zinc deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Eggs, red meat, yoghurt and red kidney beans

DEPRESSION

What it could be a sign of: Vitamin B, D or magnesium deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Cashew nuts, kale, mushrooms and barley

ANXIETY

What it could be a sign of: Vitamin B, D, magnesium or calcium deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Tofu, milk, bananas and dates

BAD MOODS

What it could be a sign of: Vitamin B, D or magnesium deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Quinoa, salmon, avocado and french beans

STRESS

DON'T JUST ACCEPT THE SYMPTOMS

Healthspan's head of nutrition Rob Hobson said: 'Many of these symptoms are things people put up with every day, thinking they are just par for the course.

'But often, they could be a sign that you are suffering a vitamin or mineral deficiency and simply eating foods which contain the item you are lacking could ease your symptoms.

'For example, a headache could be an indicator that you need more magnesium, vitamin B12 and B6 - something you can get from eating pumpkin seeds, prunes, banana or fortified soy milk.

'And even bad breath, while a possible sign of poor oral hygiene, could also be linked to your gut health and an iron deficiency.

'It's important to bear in mind that your ability to absorb vitamins and minerals can also be affected by medications you are taking, such as antibiotics or the oral contraceptive pill as well as aspects of your diet such as whether you drink tea or coffee.' What it could be a sign of: Magnesium, zinc or essential fatty acids deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Fresh tuna, cocoa powder, prawns and sunflower seeds

CONSTANT FATIGUE

What it could be a sign of: Vitamin B, iron or magnesium deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Dried apricots, prunes, liver, walnuts

INSOMNIA

What it could be a sign of: Magnesium deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Spring greens, Brazil nuts, soya beans and chickpeas

RESTLESS LEGS

What it could be a sign of: Magnesium, iron or folate deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Avocado, dried oregano, bulger wheat and dark chocolate

LOW LIBIDO

What it could be a sign of: Vitamin D deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Mushrooms, fortified breakfast cereals, mackerel and eggs

ACHING JOINTS

What it could be a sign of: Magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, vitamin B1 or D deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Trout, pork, chia seeds and macadamia nuts

PMS

What it could be a sign of: Magnesium deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Cashew nuts, pumpkin seeds, mackerel and wild rice

COLD HANDS AND FEET

What it could be a sign of: Iron deficiency

Foods that may help overcome it: Red meat, kale, tofu and cumin

Could umbilical cord blood be the key to eternal youth? Groundbreaking study claims the thing midwives normally trash is actually age-defying treasure

Blood from the umbilical cord could delay the effects of aging in the brain
This is because human umbilical cords contain a protein called TIMP2
It affects the hippocampus, the part of the brain that helps you remember information
Umbilical cord stem cells have previously been found to replenish the body's blood and immune systems and treat multiple diseases

The blood from human umbilical cords may be the key ingredient for a 'fountain of youth' drug, a new study suggests.

Researchers say a protein found in cord blood can reverse the effects of age-associated mental declines.

The protein affects the hippocampus, the part of the brain that converts experiences into long-term memories and is essential for helping you remember information.

If so, this would add to the growing number of benefits that have been discovered using cord blood.

A new study from Stanford University School of Medicine has found that a protein found in umbilical cord blood can reverse the effects of age-associated mental declines

Researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine, in California, have identified a protein called tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases 2, or TIMP2, which is very common in human cord blood.

As we age, it becomes decreasingly present in our blood.

The researchers believe the protein could lead to new treatments for age-associated declines in mental ability.

Dr Tony Wyss-Coray, a professor of neurology and neurological sciences, published his findings online in the journal Nature today.

Previously Dr Wyss-Coray's lab had found that that direct injection of the plasma from young mice gave health benefits to old mice - allowing them to perform better on tests of memory and learning.

The researchers believe the protein affects the hippocampus, the part of the brain that, in both mice and humans, is critical for converting experiences into long-term memories.

In particular, the hippocampus is essential for helping you remember information, such as where you left your keys and what you ate for breakfast.

For largely unknown reasons, the hippocampus is especially vulnerable to normal aging, according to Dr Wyss-Coray.

WHAT IS TIMP2?

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases 2 (TIMP2) is a human gene thought to be a metastasis suppressor.

This means the protein acts to slow or prevent secondary tumors from spreading in someone with cancer.

TIMP2s are natural inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases, which are enzymes that can lead to unwanted tissue destruction

They also suppress the proliferation of endothelial cells - tissue that lines the interior surface of blood vessels.He said: 'With advancing age, the hippocampus degenerates, loses nerve cells and shrinks'.

In the experiment, mice who were immune deficient - they did not have an allergic reaction to human blood plasma - were injected with cord blood, blood from young people, and blood from the elderly.

When the older mice received human umbilical-cord blood plasma every fourth day for two weeks, many measures of hippocampal function improved notably.

Plasma from older people, on the other hand, didn't help at all, while young-adult plasma induced an intermediate effect.

The researchers said older mice's performance in mazes and other tests was 'stellar' compared to mice who were injected with a placebo – saline solution.

The researchers believe the key ingredient is a protein, TIMP2. Injecting TIMP2 by itself into elderly mice largely duplicated the beneficial effects of umbilical-cord plasma.

Co-author Dr Joseph Castellano said: 'TIMP2's effects in the brain have been studied a little, but not much and not in aging.

'In our study, it mimicked the memory and learning effects we were getting with cord plasma. And it appeared to do that by improving hippocampal function.'

Umbilical cord blood has been found to have several benefits.

Hematopoietic stem cells, found in abundance in cord blood similarly to bone marrow, were shown to rebuild and replenish the body's blood and immune systems.

This ability has lead to their use in treating more than 80 life-threatening diseases - including a wide range of cancers, genetic diseases, and disorders - with the first cord blood transplant taking place in 1988.

And unlike bone marrow, cord blood can be collected in advance and stored for decades in liquid nitrogen.

Thursday, April 6, 2017

Lost San Francisco BEFORE the earthquake: 19th-century photographs of the young California city show landscape which was razed by devastating 1906 quake and fire

247 black and white stereoscopic photo cards include panoramas of the bay before the Golden Gate Bridge
The pictures were taken 50 years before the 1906 earthquake, when 3,000 people were killed in the disaster
Alcatraz prison, which was built in 1910, is also missing in the album going for auction at Bonhams for $7,000

Fascinating photos showing San Francisco in the 1860s before it was flattened by a massive earthquake have been unearthed after 150 years.

The images show the distinctive street scenes of the Californian city 50 years before 80 per cent of it was wiped out by the 1906 earthquake which killed 3,000 of its citizens.

The 247 black and white photos include numerous panoramas of the bay. Conspicuous by its absence is the iconic Golden Gate Bridge which wasn't built until the 1930s.

A collection of 247 black and white photographs show a snapshot of San Francisco in the 1860s before it was flattened by the 1906 earthquake. The pictures are stereoscopic cards, which are meant to be viewed through special glasses to give the image a 3D effect. The modern equivalent of the stereoscope is the View-Master

Pictured, a view from Telegraph hill on to the Golden Gate Bridge, 150 years after the original picture was taken

‹ SLIDE ME ›

A collection of 247 black and white photographs show a snapshot of San Francisco in the 1860s before it was flattened by the 1906 earthquake. The pictures are stereoscopic cards, which are meant to be viewed through special glasses to give the image a 3D effect. Pictured, a view from Telegraph hill on to where the Golden Gate Bridge would be built 70 years later. The famous structure was opened in 1937. Pictured right, the view now

Pictured, a view from Telegraph Hill of Alcatraz Island, where the notorious prison was built 50 years on. At the time the photograph was taken, the island could have been used as a military prison for Civil War PoWs

San Francisco was founded on June 29, 1776 by colonists from Spain. Pictured, Alcatraz Island now

‹ SLIDE ME ›

Pictured, a view from Telegraph Hill of Alcatraz Island, where the notorious prison was built in 1910. At the time the original photograph was taken, the island could have been used as a military prison for Civil War PoWs. San Francisco was founded on June 29, 1776 by colonists from Spain. Pictured now, the view on to Alcatraz now

The impressive collection of photographs will go on sale at Bonhams on April 25

Pictured, Montgomery Street, the financial center of San Francisco. The area is now known as the 'Wall Street of the West'

‹ SLIDE ME ›

The impressive collection of photographs will go on sale at Bonhams on April 25. Pictured, Montgomery Street, the financial center of San Francisco. The area is now known as the 'Wall Street of the West' (right). In the 1906 earthquake, the important road was decimated by the natural disaster. At the end of the street, the lavish Palace Hotel had to be completely rebuilt after it was destroyed by a fire in the aftermath of the shock

Mission Dolores is the oldest surviving structure in San Francisco and was built in 1776. Also known as Mission San Francisco de Asis, the church was named after Saint Francis of Assisi

He is also thought to be the namesake of the Californian city. The mission was damaged by the 1906 earthquake but survived intact. Pictured, the mission now

‹ SLIDE ME ›

Mission Dolores is the oldest surviving structure in San Francisco and was built in 1776. Also known as Mission San Francisco de Asis, the church was named after Saint Francis of Assisi. He is also the namesake of the Californian city. The mission was badly damaged by the 1906 earthquake but survived intact. Pictured right, the church now

In the 1906 earthquake, three quarters of the city was flattened and 3,000 people were killed. Within a decade, San Francsico was completely rebuilt on a grid structure

The city is universally known for its treacherously steep hills and spectacular scenery. Pictured, the view from Russian Hill now

‹ SLIDE ME ›

In the 1906 earthquake, three quarters of the city was flattened and 3,000 people were killed. Within a decade, San Francsico was completely rebuilt on a grid structure. The city is universally known for its treacherously steep hills and spectacular scenery. Pictured then and now, a panorama from Russian Hill, looking out on to the bay

Pictured a panorama from Russian Hill, which was named after the Gold Rush era when settlers found a small Russian cemetery on top of the hill

In the 1906 earthquake, around 250,000 people were made homeless by the earthquake. They had to sleep in tents in Presidio, a park at the southern tip of what would be the Golden Gate Bridge. Pictured, the view from Telegraph Hill now

‹ SLIDE ME ›

Pictured a panorama from Russian Hill, which was named after the Gold Rush era when settlers found a small Russian cemetery on top of the hill. In the 1906 earthquake, around 250,000 people were made homeless by the earthquake. They had to sleep in tents in Presidio, a park at the southern tip of what would be the Golden Gate Bridge. Pictured right, the view from Russian Hill now

Photographs taken by Carleton E. Watkins show the Golden Gate Straight, Alcatraz Island, Russian Hill, the Waterfront and Woodward's Gardens. The collection are going up for auction at Bonhams, valued at $7,000. Pictured the Grand Hotel, San Francisco, which does not exist today Also missing in the photos is the notorious Alcatraz prison was developed on a rocky island in the bay in 1910.

The pictures are stereoscopic cards, which are meant to be viewed through special glasses to give the image a 3D effect.

The city which is universally known for its treacherously steep hills and spectacular scenery was captured in all its glory by American photographer Carleton E. Watkins.

What happened in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake?

On April 18, 1906, San Francisco was hit by an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale. It is remembered as one of the greatest natural disasters in American history.

The earthquake, which started at 5.13am, killed more than 3,000 people at a time when the city had a population of 400,000.

28,000 buildings were also destroyed in the disaster, effectively flattening the city. After the earthquake, San Francisco had to be completely rebuilt.

Even though the tremors of the earthquake only lasted for a few minutes, the shock ignited fires that burned for several days after.

The risk was so great that people forced out of their homes had to cook in the street to make sure there were no more fires.

Around 250,000 people were made homeless by the earthquake, who had to sleep in tents in Presidio of San Francisco, a park and former Army base.

The damage was valued at around $500million at the time, the equivalent of around $10.5billion now.

The rebuilding of the city, which took almost a decade, was completed in 1915.

San Francisco was redesigned on a grid structure, which remains to this day. His pictures show the Golden Gate Sraight between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean, Alcatraz Island, Russian Hill, the Waterfront and Woodward's Gardens.

There is a photo of the regal Merchants Exchange building which housed city traders and businessmen, as well as the splendid view from the grounds of Governor Stanford who was Governor of California between 1861 and 1863.

Also included in the album are several photos of Russian Hill whose name goes back to the Gold Rush era when settlers discovered a small Russian cemetery at the top of the hill.

There is an image of several trams being pulled by horses in Montgomery Street, of a glass building in Woodward's Gardens and of a church in Mission Street.

The photo album is tipped to sell for $7,000.

Judith Eurich, director of photographs at auctioneers Bonhams New York, said: 'I think what stands out about this collection is the fact that it is so comprehensive.

'You've got so many views of iconic places in San Francisco during the 1860s and you can see where the city is beginning to expand tremendously and become a real modern city.

'It has been a private collection which has come down a family by descent.

'The collector is just someone who is passionate about the history of San Francisco so that person has accumulated all these stereo views we will be offering.

'The photos have probably been in the family since the 1950s so it's a lifelong passion.'

San Francisco was founded on June 29, 1776 by colonists from Spain.

The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth as treasure seekers flocked to the area in search of a fortune. Silver discoveries further drove a surge in the population.

With hordes of people streaming through the city, lawlessness was common and parts of the city gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution and gambling.

Three-quarters of San Francisco was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, but the city was quickly rebuilt.

After the Second World War, San Francisco became the center of the 'hippy' counterculture and liberal activism in the United States.

The auction takes place on April 25.

Pictured, the view from the grounds of Governor Stanford. Leland Stanford served as governor for two years. From 1885 to 1893 he was the senator for California. An elaborate church stretches out at the front of the photograph. After the Gold Rush of 1849, the city gained notoriety for being a haven for lawlessness, prostitution and gambling

After the Second World War, San Francisco became the centre of the 'hippy' counterculture and liberal activism in the United States. California is particularly prone to earthquakes as the state lies along the San Andreas faultline, where two tectonic plates meet. Pictured, a view from the grounds of Governor Stanford.

Pictured, at Woodward's gardens, which was in use from 1866 to 1891. The amusement park was set up in the Mission District of the city. Owner Robert B Woodward made his fortune during the Gold Rush and built the site, which included an aquarium, zoo, and art gallery, on his estate. In 1889, the amusement park also included Monarch, the grizzly bear who would later be immortalized on the flag of California

Pictured, the Merchant's Exchange, which boasted a library and offices for businessmen. A second building was completed in 1904 at a site three miles away. The newer building was badly damaged in the 1906 earthquake but managed to stay intact. The damage inflicted by the earthquake across the city was valued at around $500million at the time, the equivalent of around $10.5billion now.

Pictured, San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake. 4,000 troops were drafted into the city after the earthquake to help with the rescue mission. When the public soon started looting shops and rioting, police were able to shoot anyone caught looting, to act as a deterrent

That summer was ripe for change. It was only two years after the Watts riots in Los Angeles, 3 1/2 years after the Kennedy assassination, and more and more American troops were being sent to fight in the Vietnam War. Against the backdrop of an ever widening chasm between the nation's youth and their parents that would eventually be dubbed "the generation gap," young people all over the country headed toward San Francisco.

1966 Fox Plaza, it stands on the site of the former Fox Theatre, demolished in 1963. I remember walking thru Van Ness and Market St. the strong winds of San Francisco magnified like a wind tunnel. It Acts like a sail, that many times my hat blew away. My recollection about this building were all positive, all the five years of my stay in Highway design and Urban Planning. The first twelve floors contain office space. Unlike many buildings, Fox Plaza has a 13th floor actually labeled "13", although this floor is the service floor and is not rented out. The 14th floor contains a gymnasium and laundry facilities as well as apartments, while floors 15 through 29 are exclusively rental apartments. The main attraction during coffee break was the fashion show atmosphere of beautiful young ladies well chosen by private companies at Fox Plaza to the delight of bachelors like us.
San Francisco was undeniably one of the most important epicenters of change. The city's history with the Renaissance poets, the Beats, and a vibrant folk scene left it in a good position to serve as a cultural engine, and the ignition of the San Francisco Sound came from dozens of sources, from Bob Dylan, Paul Butterfield, and the British Invasion to UC-Berkeley's 1964 Free Speech Movement, the evolution of freeform FM radio, and the proliferation of hallucinogenic drugs. By 1967, San Francisco was the most psychedelic city in America, if not the world

A few customers stand beneath the doomed marquee on the night of February 10, 1963. The building was demolished and in its place the "Fox Plaza" was constructed a combination office and apartment building. Fox Plaza 5th floor was the site of my office in Urban Planning, Dept. of Transportation, State of California in the late 60's. The last film's were shown on February 15, 1963. The following night an event called "Farewell to the Fox" tookplace. After a week or so of selling off artifacts from the theater the wreaking ball took over

The 1906 Great Earthquake of San Francisco in colour: never-before-seen photos uncovered a century later in the Smithsonian

The snaps were unearthed in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History of what is considered the worst natural disaster in US history .

Thought to be the first colour photos from the devastating earthquake were taken by pioneer photographer Frederick Eugene Ives

The first colour images of what is considered the worst natural disaster in U.S. history have emerged, showing in beautiful and horrific detail the deadly force of the Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.
The subsequent fire that engulfed the city left more than 3,000 dead and thousands more injured. Images of the devastation left behind were captured by pioneering photographer Frederick Eugene Ives.
The never before seen snaps of the city's downtown area were taken from the roof of the Hotel Majestic, where Ives stayed on an October 1906 visit, and were unearthed by a volunteer at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.
Skyline: These images look South East from the Hotel Majestic roof, towards what appears to be the dome of City Hall on the horizon (centre right)
His shots show the devastation in the North East of the city, near San Francisco Bay. They were stowed amid other items donated by Ives' son, Herbert, and discovered in 2009 by volunteer Anthony Brooks while he was cataloguing the collection.
Hand-colored photographs of the quake's destruction have surfaced before, but Ives' work is probably the only true color documentary evidence, Shannon Perich, associate curator of the Smithsonian's photography history collection believes.

Previous images: The subsequent fires tore through the city leaving nearly two-thirds of the population homeless
The pictures are street-level shots of San Francisco's shattered downtown and rooftop views overlooking miles of ruins.
They depict buildings damaged by fire and broken by the shaking ground. Some of the buildings still exist.
The process he used to produce colour images, creating separate slides for each primary colour in the light spectrum, required a long exposure and therefore was not conducive to capturing people and objects in motion.
Ives is well-known for inventing the half-tone reproduction process still used to print photographs in newspapers.
The Great Earthquake measured 7.9 on the Richter Scale as was felt as far away as Orgeon, Los Angeles and Nevada.
Around 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless out of a population of about 410,000 and lead to refugee camps set up along the coast, which were still operational two years after the quake.
The cost of the damage from the earthquake was estimated at the time to be around $400million, which is around $9.5 billion in today’s money.
She said Ives was one of only a few photographers experimenting with colour photography in the early 20th century and that his San Francisco images were meant to be viewed through a 3D device he invented but which never became a commercial success.
Perich told the San Francisco Chronicle: ‘Can you imagine how shocking these were?’
The Hotel Majestic, Ives base for these photographs, was built in 1902 - four years before the earthquake struck - and still stands on Sutter Street today. It claims to be 'San Francisco's oldest continuously operating hotel'.
The history section of its website, relating to the time of the disaster, states: 'The terrible fires that ravaged the city were halted at Van Ness Avenue, two blocks from The Majestic.'

San Francisco hill

San Francisco view today from the Coit tower.

Downtown San Francisco Bay View from Kite Hill in San Francisco

This map of San Francisco shows the hotel where Ives stayed and from its roof he pointed his camera East to Union Square and South to City Hall to photograph the destruction in color .

The quake caused around $9billion-worth of damage in today's money, and the extent of it can be seen in this shot of Union Square, with the Victory statue in the distance